An analysis of attachment style and psychopathy traits
Keywords:
Anxious attachment, avoidant attachment, psychopathy, meanness, impulsivityAbstract
Previous research suggests there is a relationship between individuals’ insecure attachment and level of psychopathy. However, there is little evidence indicating whether anxious or avoidant attachment is more predictive of psychopathy generally, or the two factors of psychopathy (meanness and impulsivity) specifically. A convenience sample of 137 participants was gathered to test four hypotheses. We first hypothesized that avoidant attachment in adulthood (i.e., attachments to all domains) would predict meanness, the primary factor of psychopathy; secondly, we hypothesized avoidant attachment would also predict impulsivity. Similarly, we hypothesized that anxious attachment in adulthood would predict meanness in psychopathy as well as impulsivity in psychopathy. We used a simple linear regression to test all four hypotheses. All but one hypothesis was supported. Anxious attachment served as a better predictor for both dimensions of psychopathy. Limitations and implications are discussed.
References
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Brewer, G., Bennett, C., Davidson, L., Ireen, A., Phipps, A., Stewart-Wilkes, D., & Wilson, B. (2018). Dark triad traits and romantic relationship attachment, accommodation, and control. Personality and Individual Differences, 120, 202–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.008
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Christian, E., Sellbom, M., & Wilkinson, R. B. (2017). Clarifying the associations between individual differences in general attachment styles and psychopathy. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8(4), 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000206
Christian, E., Sellbom, M., & Wilkinson, R. B. (2018). Is psychopathy associated with deficits in bonding in an adult noninstitutionalized sample? The association between intimate social network size, attachment behavior, and psychopathy. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(7), 1996–2014. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518775239
Coid, J., Yang, M., Ullrich, S., Roberts, A., & Hare, R. D. (2009). Prevalence and correlates of psychopathic traits in the household population of Great Britain. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32(2), 65–73. 10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.01.002
Conradi, H. J., Boertien, S. D., Cavus, H., & Verschuere, B. (2016). Examining psychopathy from an attachment perspective: The role of fear of rejection and abandonment. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 27(1), 92–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2015.1077264
Constant, E., Christophe, V. , Bodenmann, G., & Nandrino, J. (2018). Attachment orientation and relational intimacy: The mediating role of emotional competences.Current Psychology, 40, 1374–1385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0062-x
Daversa, M. T. (2010). Early environmental predictors of the affective and interpersonal constructs of psychopathy. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54, 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X08328754
Edens, J. F., Campbell, J. S., & Weir, J. M. (2007). Youth psychopathy and criminal recidivism: A meta-analysis of the psychopathy checklist measures. Law and Human Behavior, 31, 53–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-006-9019-y
Fearon, R. M. P., & Roisman, G. I. (2017). Attachment theory: Progress and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.002
Fraley, R. C., Heffernan, M. E., Vicary, A. M., & Brumbaugh, C. C. (2011). The experiences in close relationships-relationship structures questionnaire: A method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships. Psychological Assessment, 23, 615-625. 10.1037/a0022898
Gander, M., Sevecke, K., & Buchheim, A. (2018). Disorder‐specific attachment characteristics and experiences of childhood abuse and neglect in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and a major depressive episode. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 25(6), 894–906. 10.1002/cpp.2324
George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). The Adult Attachment Interview. Unpublished manuscript. Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley.
Grady, M. D., Looman, J., & Abracen, J. (2019). Childhood abuse, attachment, and psychopathy among individuals who commit sexual offenses. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 26(1–2), 77–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2019.1620660
Hansen, L. A., Waage, L., Eid, J., Johnsen, H. B., & Hart, S. (2011). The relationship between attachment, personality and antisocial tendencies in a prison sample: A pilot study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52, 268–276. 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00864.x
Hare, R. D. (2003). Manual for the Hare psychopathy checklist – Revised (2nd ed.). Multi-Health Systems.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
Howell, H. K., Cater, K. A., Miller-Graff, E. L., Schwartz, E. L., & Graham-Bermann, A. S. (2017). The relationship between types of childhood victimization and young adulthood criminality. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 27, 341-353. 10.1002/cbm.2002.
Kastner, R. M., & Sellbom, M. (2012). Hypersexuality in college students: The role of
psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(5), 644–649. 10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.005
Kennealy, P. J., Skeem, J. L., Walters, G. D., & Camp, J. (2010). Do core interpersonal and affective traits of PCL-R psychopathy interact with antisocial behavior and disinhibition to predict violence? Psychological Assessment, 22(3), 569–580. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019618
Kochanska, G., Barry, R. A., Stellern, A. S., & O’Bleness, J. J. (2009). Early attachment organization moderates the parent–child mutually coercive pathway to children’s antisocial conduct. Child Development, 80 (4), 1288-1300. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01332.x
Krause-Utz, A., Erol, E., Brousianou, A.V., Cackowski, S., Paret, C., Ende, G., & Elzinga, B. (2019). Self-reported impulsivity in women with borderline personality disorder: The role of childhood maltreatment severity and emotion regulation difficulties. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 6, Article 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-019-0101-8
Labadie, C., Godbout, N., Vaillancourt-Morel, M., & Sabourin, S. (2018). Adult profiles of child sexual abuse survivors: Attachment insecurity, sexual compulsivity, and sexual avoidance. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 44(4), 354–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2017.1405302
Levenson, M. R., Kiehl, K. A, & Fitzpatrick, C. M. (1995). Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(1), 151–158. 10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.151
Liu, R.T. (2019). Childhood maltreatment and impulsivity: A meta-analysis and recommendations for future study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 221–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0445-3
Lynam, D. R. (1999). Self-reported psychopathy: A validation study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 73(1), 110–132. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA730108
Mack, T. D., Hackney, A. A., & Pyle, M. (2011). The relationship between psychopathic traits and attachment behavior in a non-clinical population. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(5), 584–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.019
Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 66–104. https://doi.org/10.2307/3333827
Martin, J., Raby, L. K., Labella, H. M., & Roisman, I. G. (2017). Childhood abuse and neglect, attachment states of mind, and non-suicidal self-injury. Attachment and Human Development, 19(5), 425–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2017.1330832
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2023-02-24
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