Peace Education as a Post-Conflict Reconciliation Method: The Case of Bosnia and Rwanda and the Importance of State Development
Keywords:
Reconciliation, Peace Education, Rwanda, Bosnia, DevelopmentAbstract
The implementation of peace education after civil conflicts is a difficult task for governments. Peace education is a tool of reconciliation that states can use. This paper will focus on reconciliation, methods of reconciliation, and the role education plays in conflict resolution. Then it will introduce the case studies of Rwanda and Bosnia that experienced a genocide in the 1990s and how they have dealt with reconciliation through peace education programs. After that the paper will focus on the circumstances that led to the peace education programs to be more or less successful. It will find that the state development has a bigger influence on peace education than literature portrays. Without sufficient funding for schools and access to learning material, efforts of the government can only reach small parts of the population. Because of their development Bosnia has a better chance at implementing a successful peace education program than Rwanda.
References
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Peace Insights. Genesis Project, Conflicts: West Balkans. Retrieved at: https://www.peaceinsight.org/conflicts/western-balkans/peacebuilding-organisations/genesis-project/
Rwanda Peace Education Programme. Towards Sustainable Peace. Retrieved at: https://www.aegistrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Stories-of-Peace-UPDATED.pdf
Staub, E. (2006). Reconciliation after Genocide, Mass Killing, or Intractable Conflict: Understanding the Roots of Violence, Psychological Recovery, and Steps toward a General Theory. Political Psychology, 27(6), 867–894. Retrieved at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00541.x
The World Bank. (2021). Retrieved at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?name_desc=true
Toal, G., & Dahlman, C. (2011). Bosnia remade: ethnic cleansing and its reversal. Oxford University Press.
Tolomelli, A. (2015). Two schools under one roof. The role of education in the reconciliation process in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Dipartimento di Scienze Dell’Educazione «Giovanni Maria Bertin» – Università di Bologna.
UNICEF. (2018). Educational trainings within the project "Dialogue for the Future" realized in 39 schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved at: https://www.unicef.org/bih/en/press-releases/educational-trainings-within-project-dialogue-future-realized-39-schools-bosnia-and
USC Institute for Visual History and Education. (2014). Rwanda Peace Education Program Moves Closer to Integration into National Curriculum. Retrieved at: https://sfi.usc.edu/news/2014/12/7900-rwanda-peace-education-program-moves-closer-integration-national-curriculum
Wessells, M. (2005). Child Soldiers, Peace Education, and Postconflict Reconstruction for Peace. Theory Into Practice, 44(4), 363-369. Retrieved April 22, 2020 at: www.jstor.org/stable/3496980
Zamir S. Building a reality of peace and reconciliation through school textbooks: lessons for the Israeli–Palestinian case. Israel Affairs. 2017;23(3):561-574
Bar-Tal, D., & Rosen, Y. (2009). Peace Education in Societies Involved in Intractable Conflicts: Direct and Indirect Models. Review of Educational Research, 79(2), 557-575. Retrieved at www.jstor.org/stable/40469048
Bar-Tal, Daniel. (2002). The Elusive Nature of Peace Education. Peace Education: The Concepts, Principles, and Practices in the World. 27-36. Retrieved at: https://www.tau.ac.il/~daniel/pdf/39.pdf
BBC News. (2011). Rwanda: How the genocide happened. Retrieved at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13431486
Changemakers. (2017). Education for Peace: Building a Civilization of Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved at: https://www.changemakers.com/competition/entrepreneuring-peace/entries/education-peace-building-civilization-peace-bosnia-and
Clarke-Habibi, S. (2005). Transforming Worldviews: The Case of Education for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of Transformative Education, 3(1), 33–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344604270238
Deutsch, Morton; Coleman, Peter T.; Marcus, Eric C. (2011). The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice. second edition. Retrieved at: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rw61VDID7U4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=conflict+resolution&ots=zdnjl0rqRq&sig=UtvnJF65D7OdZSqBpZrB6JK5PSA#v=onepage&q=conflict%20resolution&f=false
Genocide Archive of Rwanda. Rwanda Peace education Program (RPEP). Retrieved at: http://genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/index.php/RPEP
Goldstone, R. J. (1996). Justice as tool for peace-making: Truth commissions and international criminal tribunals. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 28(3), 485-504. Retrieved at: https://heinonline-org.ezproxy.csupueblo.edu/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/nyuilp28&id=495&men_tab=srchresults
Hayner, P. B. (2010). Unspeakable truths: Transitional justice and the challenge of truth commissions. ProQuest Ebook Central https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.csupueblo.edu
Haslam, Meghan. (2018). Growing Peace Through Education in Bosnia. Global research Institute. Retrieved at: https://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2018/growing-peace-through-education-in-bosnia.php
He, Yinan. (2006). The Search for Reconciliation: Sino-Japanese and German-Polish Relations since WW2. Cambridge University Press. 1-38 Retrieved at: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VJeNCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=conflict+resolution+ww2&ots=U1FHgsSp9y&sig=Jh9giHDS7IEG2uyl9fIBTPvm2nI#v=onepage&q=conflict%20resolution%20ww2&f=false
Holocaust Museum Houston. Genocide in Bosnia. Retrieved at: https://hmh.org/library/research/genocide-in-bosnia-guide/
Human Development Report. (2019). Rwanda. Retrieved at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/RWA
Human Development Report. (2019). Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/BIH
Human Rights Watch. (1999). Leave No One To Teall the story: Genocide in Rwanda. Retrieved at: https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/
Johnson, D., & Johnson, R. (2005). Essential Components of Peace Education. Theory Into Practice: Peace Education, 44(4), 280–292. Retrieved at: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4404_2
Lee, S., Ginty, R., & Joshi, M. (2016). Social Peace vs. Security Peace. Global Governance, 22(4), 491-512. Retrieved at: www.jstor.org/stable/44861197
McGreal, Chris. (2015). What’s the Point of Peacekeepers When They Don’t Keep the Peace? The Guardian. Retrieved at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/17/un-united-nations-peacekeepers-rwanda-bosnia
Mazzei, J. (2011). Finding Shame in Truth: The Importance of Public Engagement in Truth Commissions. Human Rights Quarterly, 33(2), 431-452. Retrieved at www.jstor.org/stable/23016021
Mendeloff, D. (2009). Trauma and vengeance: Assessing the psychological and emotional effects of post-conflict justice. Human Rights Quarterly , 31(3), 592-623.
Peace Insights. Genesis Project, Conflicts: West Balkans. Retrieved at: https://www.peaceinsight.org/conflicts/western-balkans/peacebuilding-organisations/genesis-project/
Rwanda Peace Education Programme. Towards Sustainable Peace. Retrieved at: https://www.aegistrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Stories-of-Peace-UPDATED.pdf
Staub, E. (2006). Reconciliation after Genocide, Mass Killing, or Intractable Conflict: Understanding the Roots of Violence, Psychological Recovery, and Steps toward a General Theory. Political Psychology, 27(6), 867–894. Retrieved at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00541.x
The World Bank. (2021). Retrieved at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?name_desc=true
Toal, G., & Dahlman, C. (2011). Bosnia remade: ethnic cleansing and its reversal. Oxford University Press.
Tolomelli, A. (2015). Two schools under one roof. The role of education in the reconciliation process in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Dipartimento di Scienze Dell’Educazione «Giovanni Maria Bertin» – Università di Bologna.
UNICEF. (2018). Educational trainings within the project "Dialogue for the Future" realized in 39 schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved at: https://www.unicef.org/bih/en/press-releases/educational-trainings-within-project-dialogue-future-realized-39-schools-bosnia-and
USC Institute for Visual History and Education. (2014). Rwanda Peace Education Program Moves Closer to Integration into National Curriculum. Retrieved at: https://sfi.usc.edu/news/2014/12/7900-rwanda-peace-education-program-moves-closer-integration-national-curriculum
Wessells, M. (2005). Child Soldiers, Peace Education, and Postconflict Reconstruction for Peace. Theory Into Practice, 44(4), 363-369. Retrieved April 22, 2020 at: www.jstor.org/stable/3496980
Zamir S. Building a reality of peace and reconciliation through school textbooks: lessons for the Israeli–Palestinian case. Israel Affairs. 2017;23(3):561-574
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2022-01-10
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